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2.
FAVE, Secc. Cienc. vet. (En línea) ; 21: 7-7, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1421454

ABSTRACT

Resumen El estrés por frío en los terneros puede ser muy perjudicial para su salud y rendimiento futuro. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las condiciones de manejo de la crianza artificial y su relación con estrés por frío en terneros de tambo. Se evaluaron 160 terneros durante las primeras horas de la mañana, y se registró si los animales poseían capa o no y si disponían o no de cama. Se observó si contaban con reparo para limitantes climáticas. También se registró la temperatura rectal y si temblaban o no. Se consideró que terneros con temperatura rectal igual o inferior a 37,2 °C se encontraban en estrés por frio. El análisis estadístico de los datos se hizo mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Chi cuadrado y se calculó la probabilidad de ocurrencia mediante Odds Ratio. Encontrándose que los terneros en condiciones de estrés presentaron 4,93 veces mayor probabilidad de temblar; que disponer de cama fue favorable para prevenir el estrés (0,027), que las capas plásticas incrementaron la probabilidad de sufrir de estrés (0,006) y que proveer reparo a los animales tiene un efecto positivo en la prevención del estrés por frío (p = 0,027) en los terneros de tambo.


Abstract Cold stress in calves can be very detrimental to their health and performance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of artificial rearing management conditions and their relationship to cold stress in dairy calves. A total of 160 calves were evaluated during the early morning hours and it was recorded whether or not the animals had cape and whether or not they had bed in pens. Also, it was observed if they had protection for climatic limitations. Rectal temperature and whether or not they were shivering were also recorded. Calves with rectal temperature equal to or lower than 37.2 °C were considered to be in cold stress. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the non-parametric Chi-square test and the probability of occurrence was calculated using Odds Ratio. It was found that calves under stress conditions were 4.93 times more likely to shiver; that having bed in pens was favorable for preventing stress (0.027), that plastic cape increased the probability of suffering from stress (0.006) and that providing shelter to animals had a positive effect on the prevention of cold stress (p = 0.027) in dairy calves.

3.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1421455

ABSTRACT

Resumen El Valle de Lerma (VDL) es una región ubicada en la parte central de la provincia de Salta, República Argentina, la cual da origen a la mayor parte de la producción láctea provincial. La nematodiasis gastrointestinal es uno de los problemas sanitarios de mayor impacto económico en los sistemas productivos de base pastoril. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la variación estacional de la eliminación de huevos y géneros de nematodos al medio ambiente. Mensualmente se tomaron muestras de materia fecal en bovinos de recría para conteo de huevos por gramo (HPG) y coprocultivo para determinación de géneros en tres establecimientos ganaderos de la región. En todos ellos se observaron dos picos en los valores medios de HPG, que ocurrieron entre principios de verano y fines de otoño. Los géneros/especies más prevalentes fueron Cooperia pectinata, Haemonchus spp. y Cooperia punctata, seguidos por Oesophagostomum spp., Trichostrongylus spp. y Ostertagia spp. Estos resultados aportan nueva evidencia al conocimiento de la epidemiología de los nematodos gastrointestinales de los bovinos en la región del VDL.


Abstract The Lerma Valley (LV) is a region located in the central part of the province of Salta, Argentine Republic. The largest dairy production in the province originates in this region. Gastrointestinal nematodiasis is one of the health problems with the greatest economic impact in pastoral-based production systems. The objective of the present work was to characterize the seasonal variation of the elimination of eggs and genera of nematodes to the environment. Fecal matter samples were taken from rearing cattle to count eggs per gram (Epg) and culture for gender determination monthly in three farms in the region. In these, it was possible to observe that the Epg values ​​showed two peaks, which occurred between the beginning of summer and the end of autumn. Regarding the genera/species, the most prevalent were Cooperia pectinata, Haemonchus sp. and Cooperia punctata, followed by Oesophagostomum spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Ostertagia spp. These results contribute with new evidence to the knowledge of the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in the LV region.

4.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 53(2): 51-60, June 2021. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1376407

ABSTRACT

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en los bovinos de los tambos del Valle del Lerma (Salta, Argentina) y los factores de riesgo asociados a la transmisión de este parásito en esta región. Se tomaron muestras de suero de aproximadamente 40 vacas en cada tambo, que fueron analizadas por ELISA indirecto para detectar anticuerpos contra N. caninum. También se discriminó entre infecciones crónicas y agudas midiendo la avidez de dichos anticuerpos. Todos los tambos presentaron al menos un bovino seropositivoy la media fue de 35,3 ± 14,9% de animales positivos. También se detectaron anticuerpos específicos en caninos presentes en 9 de los 16 tambos, con un valor de seropositi- vidad del 71,7 ± 19,9%. El 56,3% de los bovinos seropositivos cursaban infecciones agudas. Se halló una asociación negativa entre la seroprevalencia y el índice de avidez de los anticuerpos específicos, lo que indica que la presencia de animales con infecciones agudas se asocia a mayor seroprevalencia. Los campos con pastoreo presentaron mayor cantidad de infecciones recien tes. Estos resultados revelan por primera vez la importancia de este parásito en los tambos de la región y la necesidad de propiciar el desarrollo de programas de control considerando los distintos factores de riesgo que afectan la situación epidemiológica de la enfermedad.


Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle in Valle de Lerma, province of Salta, Argentina, and the risk factors associated with the disease. Serum samples were taken from 40 cows in each dairy herd, which were analyzed by indirect ELISA to detect antibodies against N. caninum. Chronic and acute infections were discriminated by measuring the avidity of these antibodies. All the herds exhibited at least one seropositive animal, the mean being 35.3 ± 14.9% of positive animals. Specific antibodies were also detected in dogs present in 9of the herds, which showed a seropositivity value of 71.7% ± 19.9%. Among the seropositive animals, 56.3% showed acute infections. A negative association was found between seroprevalence and the avidity index of specific antibodies, indicating that the presence of animals with acute infections is associated with higher seroprevalence. Fields with grazing showed more recent infections. These results show for the first time the importance of this parasite in this particular region and the need to promote the development of control programs considering the different risk factors that affect the epidemiological situation of the disease.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Dogs , Female , Cattle Diseases , Coccidiosis , Neospora , Argentina/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Antibodies, Protozoan , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Risk Factors , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Coccidiosis/epidemiology , Farms
5.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1177704

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La definición de prioridades de investigación en salud dirige los esfuerzos de investigación para promover ciencia, tecnología e innovación en salud. Material y Métodos: La definición de estas en el Seguro Social de Salud peruano para el periodo 2020-2022 se realizó en cuatro etapas y de forma sistemática, estructurada, participativa y secuencial. Resultados: Primero, se evaluó el avance de investigación en las prioridades del periodo 2017-2019. En la segunda etapa, se consultó diversas fuentes y se identificó necesidades de investigación orientadas a enfermedades y se estableció el marco para prioridades orientadas a sistemas de salud e intervenciones sanitarias. La tercera etapa consistió en una consulta ampliada para seleccionar los temas prioritarios orientados a enfermedades. Finalmente, se desarrolló un taller participativo y multidisciplinario para seleccionar temas, subtemas y áreas prioritarias de investigación. Conclusión: El producto final fue la definición de 11 temas prioritarios, siete para enfermedades y cuatro para sistemas de salud e intervenciones sanitarias.


Introduction: Health research priorities definition address research efforts to the promotion of health science, technology, and innovation. Material and Methods: Health research priorities in the Peruvian Social Security for the period 2020-2022 was carried out in four stages using a systematic, structured, participatory and sequential process. Results: First, the progress of the research in the priorities of the period 2017-2019 was evaluated. In the second stage, various sources were consulted to identify disease-oriented research needs and the framework for priorities oriented to health systems and health interventions. The third stage consisted of an expanded consultation to select priority disease-oriented topics. Finally, a participatory and multidisciplinary workshop was developed to select themes, subtopics, and priority areas for research. Conclusion: The final product was the definition of 11 priority themes, seven for diseases and four for health systems and health interventions

6.
An. Fac. Med. (Perú) ; 79(2): 175-180, abr.-jun. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011030

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Describir el proceso de priorización para el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica (GPC) en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud). Métodos. El proceso de priorización se realizó mediante un análisis multicriterio en tres pasos: identificar las variables, obtener información de las mismas y asignarles una ponderación. Finalmente, se obtuvo una lista ordenada que fue puesta a consideración de los decisores de política. Resultados. Las cinco enfermedades con mayor número de AVISA (años de vida saludable perdidos) fueron: artrosis, glaucoma, esquizofrenia, osteoporosis y fracturas patológicas, y diabetes mellitus. Las de mayor gasto en medicamentos fueron: hemofilia, el grupo de nefritis, nefrosis (principalmente insuficiencia renal crónica), artritis reumatoide, cáncer de mama y SIDA. Las enfermedades prioritarias desde el punto de vista de la oferta de servicios fueron aquellas con alta mortalidad y alta discapacidad. Conclusiones. Se realizó el primer proceso de priorización de GPC en el Perú. Las 5 primeras enfermedades priorizadas fueron: artrosis, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, enfermedad renal crónica y lumbago.


Objectives. To describe the prioritization process for developing the clinical practice guidelines (GPC) in the Seguro Social del Peru (EsSalud). Methods. The prioritization process was carried out through a multicriteria analysis in three steps: identify the variables, obtain information from them and assign them a weighting. Finally, an ordered list was obtained that was put to the consideration of the policy makers. Results. The five diseases with the highest number of DALY (disability adjusted life year) were osteoarthritis, glaucoma, schizophrenia, osteoporosis and pathological fractures, and diabetes mellitus. The most spending for drugs were hemophilia, the nephritis group, nephrosis (mainly chronic renal failure), rheumatoid arthritis, breast cancer and AIDS. Priority diseases from the point of view of the services offered were those with high mortality and high disability. Conclusions. This is the first process of guidelines prioritizing in Peru. The first 5 diseases prioritized were: osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, chronic kidney disease and lumbago.

7.
Acta méd. peru ; 34(3): 203-207, jul.-set. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-989147

ABSTRACT

En el Perú, la elaboración de guías de práctica clínica tiene exigencia normativa desde el año 2005 (NT N° 027-MINSA/DGSP-V.01); sin embargo, su desarrollo ha ténido poco énfasis en la calidad metodológica de las mismas, prefiriendo el tipo narrativo. Desde hace varios años se realizan esfuerzos dispersos para mejorar la calidad metodológica, principalmente que su elaboaración esté basada en evidencias científicas. Actualmente se cuenta con una nueva normativa (NT N° 302-2015/MINSA) que pone mayor enfasis en esta exigencia y algunas instituciones ya trabajan para adecuarse a estandares internacionales y poder generar impactos positivos en nuestro sistema de salud a través del adecuado desarrollo de guias de practica clínica en nuestro pais


There has been a regulation for generating clinical practice guidelines in Peru since 2005 (NT N° 027-MINSA/DGSP-V.01), which was issued by the Ministry of Health. However, its use has had little emphasis in the methodological quality of such guidelines, and a narrative style was preferred. Some isolated efforts aiming to improve the quality of such guidelines have taken place, especially with respect to have such documents produced based on evidence. Now we have a new regulation (NT N° 302-2015/MINSA), which places more emphasis in this requirement; and some institutions are already working in such way, in order to comply with international standards and be able to generate a positive impact in our healthcare system through the adequate development of clinical practice guidelines in our country

8.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 37(1): 52-58, Jan. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-742277

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la eficacia del consumo de arroz fortificado en el incremento de los niveles de hierro y otros micronutrientes en niños de 6 a 59 meses de edad, con la finalidad de evaluar su utilidad como intervención de salud pública. Métodos. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library y LILACS. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que evaluaron el consumo de arroz fortificado comparado con placebo u otras formas de intervención sobre la mejora de los niveles de hierro y otros micronutrientes. Para evaluar la calidad metodológica, se utilizó la lista de verificación CONSORT®. El riesgo de sesgo de los estudios se evaluó según la metodología de la Colaboración Cochrane®. Resultados. Se incluyeron siete ECA en la revisión. Todos los estudios mostraron mejoras significativas en indicadores del estado nutricional de hierro en los grupos intervenidos, sin reportar efectos adversos. No se evidenció mejoría en los niveles de vitamina A, ni en los indicadores antropométricos de peso y talla como resultado secundario de la intervención. Los estudios incluidos mostraron calidad metodológica moderada. Conclusiones. La fortificación del arroz representó una estrategia de intervención eficaz para corregir la deficiencia de hierro en la población infantil menor de cinco años. Su implementación como medida de salud pública requiere estudios locales que evalúen su efectividad en intervenciones a largo plazo y en mayor escala.


Objective. To carry out a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of fortified rice consumption in terms of increasing levels of iron and other micro­nutrients in children aged 6-59 months, with a view to evaluating its usefulness as a public health intervention. Methods. A search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases. The review included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that assessed the consumption of fortified rice, compared with a placebo or other forms of intervention, in terms of enhanced levels of iron and other micronutrients. The CONSORT® checklist was used to assess methodological quality. The risk of bias in the studies was assessed using the Cochrane® Collaboration methodology. Results. Seven RCTs were included in the review. All the studies showed significant improvements in indicators of nutritional iron status in the intervention groups, without reporting adverse effects. There was no evidence of improvement in vitamin A levels or in anthropometric indicators of weight and height as a secondary result of the intervention. The included studies showed moderate methodological quality. Conclusions. Rice fortification was an effective intervention strategy to correct iron deficiency in children under age 5. For implementation as a public health measure, local studies are needed to assess its effectiveness in long-term and large-scale interventions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Labyrinth Diseases/diagnosis , Osteitis/diagnosis , Petrous Bone/abnormalities , Petrous Bone/injuries , Skull Fractures/diagnosis , Skull Neoplasms/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Petrous Bone/pathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
9.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 23(2): 129-135, 06/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-714789

ABSTRACT

Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance (AR) on bovine ranches were studied. Data were derived from a survey made to 50 ranch owners, who had conducted a faecal egg-count-reduction test. The questionnaire contained descriptors of bovine ranch management and nematode control. A case-control design study was undertaken and AR cases were present in 26 herds. Associations between the binary outcome variable (AR versus not AR) and risk factors recorded in the questionnaire were evaluated. Variables associated with the presence of AR at P< 0.15 and/or odds ratio (OR) > 2 were subjected to a multivariable logistic regression model. The main effects contributing to general AR (avermectin AVM and/or benzimidazole) in the final model were total number of annual treatments (OR 7.68; 95% CI 2.4 to 28.3) and use of more than 75% of AVM in the past (OR= 18.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 97.3), whereas for AVM resistance alone were total number of AVM annual treatments (OR= 11.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 45.5) and number of AVM Nov-Jan treatments (OR= 5.8; 95% CI 1.71 to 47.9). The results showed that treatment frequency, date of treatment and frequency of treatment in the past with a single drug were the main risk factors involved in AR development.


Fatores de risco para resistência anti-helmíntica (AR) em fazendas de criação de bovinos foram estudados de dados obtidos de um levantamento em 50 propriedades. Em todas foram conduzidos testes de redução de contagem de ovos (opg) e um questionário preenchido pelos proprietários sobre o manejo e o controle de verminose nessas fazendas. Um estudo com desenho de caso controlado foi realizado e casos de AR estavam presentes em 26 rebanhos. Associações foram avaliadas entre a variável binária produzida (AR versus sem AR) e fatores de risco registrados nos questionários. Variáveis associadas com o resultado de interesse a P<0.15 e/ou razão de prevalência (OR) > 2 foram usados num modelo de regressão logística multivariável. Os principais efeitos contribuintes para AR geral (avermectina AVM e/ou benzimidazole), no modelo final, foram número total de tratamentos anuais (OR 7,68; 95% IC 2,4 a 28,3) e uso no passado mais que 75% de AVM (OR= 18,6; 95% IC 1,3 a 97,3), e para resistência à AVM foram número total de tratamentos anuais (OR=11,5; 95% IC 2,9 a 45,5), número de tratamentos com AVM de novembro a janeiro (OR= 5,8; 95% IC 1,71 a 47,9). Estes resultados mostraram que a frequência dos tratamentos, a época do ano em que foram feitos os tratamentos e a frequência dos tratamentos no passado com uma única droga foram os principais fatores de risco implicado no desenvolvimento de AR.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Cattle/parasitology , Drug Resistance , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Nematoda/drug effects , Agriculture , Argentina , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Cattle Diseases/drug therapy , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
10.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 29(4): 437-443, oct.-dic. 2012. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-662929

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra sarampión, rubéola y hepatitis B en niños de 1 a 4 años del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una encuesta nacional basada en la aplicación de un cuestionario y obtención de muestra de sangre capilar en papel de filtro para el estudio de anticuerpos contra sarampión, rubéola y hepatitis B en niños de 1 a 4 años. Se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico con inferencia a nivel nacional y siete ámbitos de estudio: Lima metropolitana, resto de costa urbana, costa rural, sierra urbana, sierra rural, selva urbana y selva rural. Las muestras de sangre capilar fueron procesadas siguiendo protocolos estandarizados para la determinación de anticuerpos mediante técnica de ELISA utilizando reactivos comerciales. Resultados. Se encontró una prevalencia nacional de 91,6% (IC95%: 90,6-92,7%), 91,3% (IC 95%: 90,3-92,4%) y 95,9% (IC 95%: 95,0-96,8%) para anticuerpos contra sarampión, rubéola y hepatitis B respectivamente. No se evidenció diferencias significativas de las prevalencias entre los diferentes ámbitos de estudio y en los diferentes estratos socioeconómicos de los conglomerados. Conclusiones. En niños de 1 a 4 años se ha estimado una prevalencia nacional de anticuerpos contra sarampión y rubéola entre 90-93%, mientras que para anticuerpos contra hepatitis B (anti-HBsAg) entre 95-97%.


Objectives. To estimate the prevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella and hepatitis B in children aged between 1 and 4 years in Peru. Materials and methods. A national survey was conducted based on a questionnaire and capillary blood sample taken on filter paper in order to study antibodies against measles, rubella and hepatitis B in children from 1 to 4 years of age. A stratified, multistage, probability sampling design was used to be representative at the national level and at level of seven ambits, including the Metropolitan Lima Area, the rest of the urban coast, the rural coast, the urban highlands, the rural highlands, the urban jungle and the rural jungle. The capillary blood samples were processed according to the standardized protocols for detection of antibodies using the ELISA technique and commercial reagents. Results. The survey showed a national prevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella and hepatitis B of 91.6% (CI 95%: 90.6%; 92.7%), 91.3% (CI 95%: 90.3%; 92.4%) and 95.9% (CI 95%: 95.0%; 96.8%) respectively. There was no evidence of significant differences in the prevalence among the ambits of study or among the socioeconomic strata of the conglomerates for any of the three types of antibodies. Conclusions. In children from 1 to 4 years of age, the national prevalence of antibodies against measles and Rubella was between 90-93%, while the prevalence of antibodies against Hepatitis B (anti-HBsAg) was between 95-97%.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology , Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Measles virus/immunology , Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Rubella virus/immunology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Peru
11.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 15(2): 9-9, Mar. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-640544

ABSTRACT

RNA polymerase IV and V are principal players in the RdDM pathway, where their current study has shown interaction of several factors that control DNA silencing of intergenic regions and siRNA production. DNA silencing is an important process during cell differentiation, nuclear structure and viral control. However, RNA pol IV and V are yet to be study in model monocot systems like Oryza sativa that can provide further information on genetic silence mechanism in plats. We show the expression pattern of these polymerases in tissues extracts of Oryza sativa. Detectable amounts of these polymerases are found in specific adult plant tissues and particularly expressed during somatic embryogenesis but not during early stages of normal embryo development. The use of synthetic auxin leads to an induction of both RNA pol IV and V in scutellum tissue where nuclear localization may be required for genome reorganization and gene silencing.


Subject(s)
Infant , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism , Oryza/enzymology , Oryza/genetics , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics , Blotting, Western , Embryonic Development , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Gene Silencing , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seeds
12.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 28(3): 426-431, jul.-set. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-606038

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Evaluar los costos de tres métodos diagnósticos para susceptibilidad a drogas antituberculosas y comparar el costo por caso de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB MDR) diagnosticado con estos (MODS; GRIESS y Genotype MTBDR plus ® en cuatro grupos epidemiológicos en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. En base a cifras programáticas, se dividió a la población en cuatro grupos: pacientes nuevos de Lima/Callao; nuevos de otras provincias; los antes tratados de Lima/Callao y de otras provincias. Se calcularon los costos de cada prueba en base a la metodología estándar utilizada por el Ministerio de Salud, desde la perspectiva de los servicios de salud. Basado en ello, se calculó el costo por paciente TB MDR diagnosticado para cada grupo epidemiológico. Resultados. Los costos estimados por prueba para MODS, GRIESS, y Genotype MTBDR plus ® fueron de 14,83; 15,51 y 176,41 nuevos soles, respectivamente. El costo por paciente TB MDR diagnosticado con GRIESS y MODS fue menor a los 200 nuevos soles en tres de los cuatro grupos. El costo por TB MDR diagnosticado fue de más de 2000 nuevos soles con el Genotype MTBDR plus ® en los dos grupos de pacientes nuevos y, menores a 1000 nuevos soles en los grupos de pacientes antes tratados. Conclusiones. En grupos de alta prevalencia, como son los pacientes antes tratados, los costos por caso diagnosticado de TB MDR con las tres pruebas evaluadas fueron bajos, sin embargo, con la prueba molecular en los grupos de baja prevalencia, fueron elevados. El uso de las pruebas moleculares debe optimizarse en grupos de altas prevalencias.


Objectives.To evaluate the costs of three methods for the diagnosis of drug susceptibility in tuberculosis, and to compare the cost per case of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) diagnosed with these (MODS, GRIESS and Genotype MTBDR plus ® in 4 epidemiologic groups in Peru. Materials and methods.In the basis of programmatic figures, we divided the population in 4 groups: new cases from Lima/Callao, new cases from other provinces, previously treated patients from Lima/Callao and previously treated from other provinces. We calculated the costs of each test with the standard methodology of the Ministry of Health, from the perspective of the health system. Finally, we calculated the cost per patient diagnosed with MDR TB for each epidemiologic group. Results. The estimated costs per test for MODS, GRIESS, and Genotype MTBDR plus® were 14.83. 15.51 and 176.41 nuevos soles respectively (the local currency, 1 nuevos sol=0.36 US dollars for August, 2011). The cost per patient diagnosed with GRIESS and MODS was lower than 200 nuevos soles in 3 out of the 4 groups. The costs per diagnosed MDR TB were higher than 2,000 nuevos soles with Genotype MTBDR plus ® in the two groups of new patients, and lower than 1,000 nuevos soles in the group of previously treated patients. Conclusions. In high-prevalence groups, like the previously treated patients, the costs per diagnosis of MDR TB with the 3 evaluated tests were low, nevertheless, the costs with the molecular test in the low- prevalence groups were high. The use of the molecular tests must be optimized in high prevalence areas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/economics , Bacteriological Techniques/economics , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Costs and Cost Analysis , Peru/epidemiology , Time Factors , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology
13.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 27(2): 222-230, abr.-jun. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-565456

ABSTRACT

Existe amplia controversia acerca del mecanismo de acción del levonorgestrel como anticonceptivo oral de emergencia; numerosas organizaciones, tanto científicas como de la sociedad civil, muestran su disconformidad con su uso, debido a su posible acción como inductor de aborto. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los mecanismos de acción del levonorgestrel utilizado como anticonceptivo oral de emergencia (AOE), se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos Medline y Cochrane Library donde se encontró 444 artículos; después de revisar los resúmenes, se seleccionó 22 artículos, los cuales fueron evaluados a texto completo. Se encontró que el principal mecanismo de acción del levonorgestrel, a las dosis recomendadas como AOE, es la inhibición o retraso de la ovulación; no afecta a los espermatozoides en su capacidad de migración ni de penetración al óvulo. No se ha demostrado alteraciones morfológicas ni moleculares en el endometrio que puedan interferir con la implantación del huevo fecundado. No existe evidencia científica actual disponible que sustente que el uso de levonorgestrel como AOE sea abortivo.


There is wide controversy about the mechanism of action of the levonorgestrel used for emergency oral contraception, and many organizations, both scientific as well as from the civil society, show their discrepancy with its use, due to its possible action as an abortion-inducer. In order to evaluate the scientific evidence available on the mechanisms of action of the levonorgestrel used for emergency oral contraception (EOC), a systematic revision was performed in the Medline and Cochrane library databases. We found 444 articles. After reviewing the abstracts, we selected 22 articles, whose complete texts were evaluated. We found that the main mechanism of action of the levonorgestrel, given at the doses recommended for EOC, is the inhibition or retardation of the ovulation, it doesn't affect the spermatozoa in their migration or egg-penetration capacities. No morphological or molecular alterations in the endometrium that could interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg have been demonstrated. There is no actual scientific evidence available supporting that the use of levonorgestrel for EOC is abortive.


Subject(s)
Humans , Contraception, Postcoital , Contraceptives, Oral , Contraceptives, Postcoital , Endometrium , Spermatozoa , Levonorgestrel/adverse effects , Ovulation
14.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(11): 931-937, Nov. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-539045

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional survey of 19 dairy sheep farms in Argentina was carried out with the purpose to know farm management, health practices, and occurrence and mortality of diseases. The survey comprised 40 percent of all sheep milking farms in Argentina. A questionnaire was conducted by way of personal interviews with sheep owners during farm visits. The proportions of farms reporting routine vaccination for clostridial diseases, contagious ecthyma, pneumonia and mineral and vitamin parenteral administration were 63 percent, 47.3 percent, 16.6 percent and 42.1 percent respectively. Regular treatment against lice was used in 37.5 percent of the farms, and 89.5 percent o the farmers treated against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). The mean number of GIN drenches per farm was 2.26±1.78 annually. In 68.4 percent of the milking flocks the California Mastitis Test was regularly done and 55.6 percent of the farmer managers had sampled their flocks once a year for Brucella ovis antibodies. During the pre-mating period respectively 68.4 percent and 50 percent of farmers clinically examined their rams and ewe for general health and teeth condition. The udders of ewes were frequently inspected at the start of each milking period. The most important parasite problems noticed were GIN (reported by 57.9 percent of farmers), lice (57.9 percent) and scabies (10.5 percent) and the most frequent infectious diseases were ecthyma (73.7 percent), pneumonia and other respiratory problems (57.9 percent), clinical mastitis (55.6 percent), clostridial diseases (36.9 percent) and foot lameness (35.2 percent). Photosensitivity (47.4 percent) and ruminal acidosis (42.1 percent) were reported as other frequent toxic or metabolic disorders. Owners mentioned that the mean lifespan or milk productive time per ewe was 4.5±1.4 years. Perinatal lamb mortality was 8.5 percent and the total flock mortality rates, above the first 24 h of life was 6.9 percent. ...


Foi realizado um levantamento longitudinal em 19 fazendas de ovinos leiteiros na Argentina com o objetivo de conhecer práticas de manejo, medidas sanitárias e ocorrência e freqüência das enfermidades. O levantamento incluiu 40 por cento de todas as fazendas do país que produzem leite ovino. Um questionário foi utilizado com entrevistas pessoais com os ovinocultores durante visita às fazendas. A percentagem de fazendas que relataram vacinação rotineira contra clostridioses, ectima contagioso, pneumonia e administração parenteral de minerais e vitaminas foi 63 por cento, 47,3 por cento, 16,6 por cento e 42,1 por cento, respectivamente. Parte dos produtores (37,5 por cento) realizava tratamento regularmente contra piolhos e 89,5 por cento contra nematódeos gastrintestinais. O número médio de tratamentos anti-helmínticos anuais, por fazenda, era de 2,26+1,78. Em 68,4 por cento dos rebanhos leiteiros o Califórnia Mastite Teste (CMT) era regularmente realizado e 55,6 por cento dos produtores colhiam amostras de seus rebanhos uma vez por ano para diagnóstico de Brucella ovis. Durante o período de pré-acasalamento 68,4 por cento e 50 por cento dos produtores examinavam clinicamente seus carneiros e a condição geral e de dentes de suas ovelhas. O úbere das ovelhas era geralmente inspecionado no início da ordenha. Os principais problemas parasitários eram nematódeos gastrintestinais (mencionado por 57,9 por cento dos produtores), piolhos (57,9 por cento) e sarna (10,5 por cento) e as doenças infecciosas mais frequentes foram ectima contagioso (73,7 por cento), pneumonia e outros problemas respiratórios (57,9 por cento), mastite clínica (55,6 por cento), clostridioses (36,9 por cento) e laminite (35,2 por cento). Fotossensibilização (47,4 por cento) e acidose ruminal (42,1 por cento) foram relatadas como as principais desordens tóxicas ou metabólicas. Na visão dos produtores, a expectativa de vida produtiva ou o tempo de produção de leite por ovelha ...


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Health Education , Good Manipulation Practices , Argentina/epidemiology , Longitudinal Studies , Sheep/growth & development
15.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 20(3): 121-127, jul.-sept. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, INS-PERU | ID: lil-401399

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Determinar los mecanismos implicados en la transmisión y resistencia antimicrobiana de aislamientos hospitalarios de Klebsiella pneumoniae y Enterobacter cloacae. Materiales y métodos: Se determinó la diversidad genética de 10 aislamientos bacterianos provenientes de pacientes hospitalizados y muestras ambientales procedentes de una unidad de cuidados intensivos de neonatos de un hospital de Lima utilizando el patrón de banda de ADN ribosomal y plasmídico. Posteriormente, se caracterizó la resistencia antimicrobiana y sus principales factores utilizando electroforesis de punto isoeléctrico, Southern Blotting y PCR. Finalmente se evaluó la capacidad de transferencia de la resistencia mediante ensayos de conjugación bacteriana. Resultados: Todos los aislamientos de K. pneumoniae y E. cloacae presentaron el mismo perfil plasmídico. Los aislamientos de E. cloacae presentaron un mismo patrón genético, por el contrario se encontraron cuatro genotipos distintos de K. pneumoniae altamente relacionados. Todos los aislamientos produjeron ßlactamasa de especto extendido Tipo SHV-5 transferible a otras especies. Conclusiones: El estudio sugiere que la diseminación de estas bacterias en los neonatos pudo haber sido favorecida por un inadecuado manejo asistencial, una defectuosa conservación de leche para el consumo neonatal y el indiscriminado uso de antibióticos, el cual generó una activa transmisión de genes responsables de la resistencia antimicrobiana


Subject(s)
Peru , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Enterobacter cloacae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Cross Infection
16.
Dermatol. peru ; 10(supl.1): 39-43, dic. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-295118

ABSTRACT

Entre febrero de 1997 y febrero de 1999 se investigó, en el Centro de referencia para ETS. Centro de Salud A. Barton de la Dirección de Salud I Callao, la patología cutánea crónica (tiempo de enfermedad mayor de cuatro meses) en 41 pacientes infectados con HTLV-1. Treinta y cinco de ellos eran trabajadores sexuales, que se supone se infectaron por vía sexual, mientras los seis restantes, con mielopatía asociada al HTLV-1, no tenían conducta de riesgo sexual, por lo que suponemos se infectaron por vía vertical. En cinco de las 35 (14 por ciento) trabajadoras sexuales y en cinco de los seis pacientes (83 por ciento) con mielopatía asociada se encontró: patología cutánea crónica consistente en dermatitis inmunorreactiva, como liquen plano hiperpigmentado, eccema numular, dermatitis de contacto y liquen simple crónico; enfermedades por inmunodeficiencia selectiva como condilomatosis múltiple; además, melanosis facial y úlcera de de cúbito.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
17.
Folia dermatol. peru ; 9(3): 43-6, sept. 1998. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-289469

ABSTRACT

En el Centro de Referencia de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual A. Barton, Callao, Perú, entre Enero de 1996 y Junio de 1997, se reportaron 11 casos de Ulcera Genital Crónica (UGC), los cuales por criterios clínico, epidemiológico y de respuesta terapéutica tuvieron el diagnóstico probable de Donovanosis. Seis de los pacientes eran hombres que tenían sexo con hombres y la localización más frecuente fue en el ano. En diez pacientes hubo una respuesta al tratamiento con Doxicilina y Trimetoprin/Sulfametoxazol. Diez pacientes aceptaron realizarse la prueba de ELISA para VIH, resultando seis de ellos positivos con Western Blot confirmatorio. La alta pevalencia de infección por VIH en este grupo nos permite asumir que la UGC es un importante facilitador de la infección por VIH.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , Genitalia/abnormalities , Granuloma Inguinale/diagnosis , Granuloma Inguinale/epidemiology , Granuloma Inguinale/prevention & control , Granuloma Inguinale/therapy , HIV , Homosexuality, Male , Ulcer/therapy , Peru , Prevalence
18.
Acimed (Impr.) ; 5(3): 11-13, sep.-dic. 1997.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-627669

ABSTRACT

La profunda crisis económica de principios de los años 70, condujo al surgimiento de un nuevo paradigma de desarrollo, en virtud del cual las disciplinas económicas, administrativas y mercadológicas adquirieron un lugar preponderante en el esquema del progreso social. En correspondencia con esto, las instituciones de información han introducido esquemas modernos de trabajo, con la finalidad de elevar su capacidad para satisfacer las necesidades de sus usuarios. Se abordan algunos de los conceptos básicos de la actividad mercadológica; el canje de los productos de información; la investigación de mercados; el posicionamiento en el mercado, así como los requisitos que deben cumplir las estrategias de mercado para conducir a las organizaciones al cumplimiento de sus objetivos.


The Trading of Information Products and Services in the Librarian-Information Sector. The deep economic crisis in the early 70's led to the emergence of a new development paradigm due to wich the economic, management and marketing disciplines acquired a preponderant standing in the scheme of social progress. In correspondande to this, information institutes have introduce modern working schemes aiming at rising its capacity to satisfy its users needs. Some basic concepts of the marketing activity are discussed; the exchange of information products; market research; its positioning as well as the requisites that must follow the market strategies to lead the organizations into the fulfilment of their objetives.

19.
Invest. clín ; 32(4): 157-86, 1991. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-105911

ABSTRACT

In orden to determine the sequential prevalence of pollen grains and fungi spores in the city of Caracas by the volumetric method of collection and its on the population at risk. The first multidisciplinary team of aerobiological research was structured through a protocol designed for five experimental stages namely: a) Determination of the climatological parameters, relative humidity, speed and wind direction, precipitation and atmospheric stability, through simultaneous records of meteorological status located in the metropolitan area of Caracas: b) Collection, identification, classification and determination of the local distribution of the important pollen grains existing in the zone under study: c) Collection, identification and classification of the most important fungi spores in the area; d) Preparation of the first pollinic calendar of Caracas and e) Evaluation of possible implication of the environment and the response through the IgE antibody in the selected patients in the area under study. Our results show: 1) The climatic conditions existing during the sampling period coincide with the analysis of the last 20 years in the Valley of Caracas. 2) The Venezuelan Central University (UCV) station was elected as the most representative point for permanent sampling. 3) An ideal statistical method is obtained in order to determine the spatial arrangement in the sampler rod of a dense type of spores typical of the area under study. 4) The firdt pollinic calendar of Caracas was structured and 5) A seasonal tendency of the IgE response is shown. These results suggested concept of poliseasonality and antigenic polysensitization, and between individual seasonality with a specific reactivity and, finally, between tropical mixed seasonality with the expression of combined respiratory pathologies in our environment


Subject(s)
Allergens/immunology , Spores, Fungal/isolation & purification , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Pollen/isolation & purification
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